The word "classical" is often loosely used when describing any music that is not pop or jazz but applied strictly, it refers to this period of musical history which was dominated by Viennese composers. Indeed, Vienna was so important that we sometimes refer to this time as the Viennese period. Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven and Schubert were all concerned with Vienna, which was then undoubtedly the musical capital of Europe, and remained so for about a hundred years.
Composers were now using less counterpoint in their music; fugues were occasionally written, but far less than in Baroque times. Sonata form evolved in this period and the symphony and concerto (not to be confused with the concerto grosso which phased out), string quartet and piano sonata were developed, and the modern symphony orchestra was born. Continue parts were less used, and the piano eventually superseded the harpsichord.
This seems a lot to happen in a short time, but things evolved gradually, rather than appearing overnight. Haydn and Mozart perfected the new sonata form in their symphonies, climaxing the work of earlier, overshadowed composers. Classicism in music emphasises order and form, gracefulness and beauty and it avoids the excessive emotion that was to be so apparent in music later, in the next century.
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Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven, Schubert,